This article studies female participation rates as entrepreneurs during the 1877- 1908 period using data from the Santiago business license registry, census data and the trademark registry. The evidence reveals that business women in Santiago increased from 3 to 14 percent of the female labor force in the corresponding sectors analyzed during the period. The evidence shows women increasingly as business people: half of the economic sectors analyzed had female entrepreneurs while firms run by women increased from 13 to 20 percent in Santiago, but reached only 5 percent of national firms within the elite.
Escobar Andrae, B. (2016). Female entrepreneurship and participation rates in 19th century Chile. Estudios De Economía, 42(2), pp. 67–91. Retrieved from https://estudiosdeeconomia.uchile.cl/index.php/EDE/article/view/38654
